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DSO
Days Sales Outstanding
- The average number of days it takes you to get paid after you invoice. Compute it as accounts receivable divided by total credit sales, multiplied by the number of days in the period. If DSO is 52 and your terms are net 30, you are financing your customers for three weeks for nothing. Every day you take off DSO releases roughly one day of revenue in working capital, permanently, and this is the metric a CFO will judge a collections tool by.
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FDCPA
Fair Debt Collection Practices Act
- The 1977 federal law that governs how debts can be collected. It bans harassment, false or misleading representations, and unfair practices. Statutory damages run to $1,000 per action plus actual damages, costs and the other side's legal fees. It applies principally to third-party collectors of consumer debt, but the safest posture, and ours, is to write every message as if it applied to you.
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Regulation F
12 CFR Part 1006
- The CFPB rule that put hard edges on the FDCPA, effective November 2021. It gave us the seven-in-seven call cap, formal rules for email and text contact, a required validation notice with itemization, and a clear process for debtors to say stop. If somebody says their collection tool is FDCPA-aware but cannot tell you what Regulation F changed, they are quoting a statute they have not read since 2020.
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Validation notice
The debt itemization
- The written notice a collector must provide, generally in or within five days of the initial communication, telling the consumer the amount, the creditor, an itemization from a reference date, and how to dispute. Regulation F gives a model form with a safe harbor. If you send a validation notice and the consumer disputes in writing within 30 days, you must stop collecting until you mail verification.
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Mini-Miranda
The debt-collector disclosure
- The sentence that has to appear in the first communication and, in a modified form, in every subsequent one: this is an attempt to collect a debt and any information obtained will be used for that purpose. It is called the mini-Miranda because everyone finds it slightly theatrical and nobody gets to skip it. Every message DebtAgent drafts carries it automatically.
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Right to cure
The pre-action window
- In several states and in specific regulated categories such as utilities, credit and residential leases, you must send a notice and then wait a defined period, giving the debtor the chance to bring the account current, before you may act further. Miss the notice or shorten the window and the later action is void. This is exactly the kind of rule that gets encoded in a jurisdiction rule pack rather than trusted to memory.
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Seven-in-seven
The call frequency cap
- Under Regulation F, a collector is presumed to violate the harassment rule if it places more than seven call attempts within seven consecutive days about a particular debt, or calls within seven days of having a telephone conversation about that debt. It is a presumption, not an absolute ceiling, but crossing it is a decision to litigate about your own dialling pattern. The agent counts.
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Contact window
Inconvenient time or place
- Contacting a consumer before 8am or after 9pm in their local time is presumptively inconvenient and therefore prohibited. In practice, the hard part is not the rule, it is knowing the debtor's local time. If you have ever sent a collections email at 11pm because that is when you got angry, the machine sending it at 9:12am the next morning is a compliance feature and also a conversion feature.
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Cease communication
The stop request
- If a consumer notifies you in writing to stop contacting them, you must stop, with narrow exceptions such as telling them you are ending contact or that a specific legal remedy is being invoked. Under Regulation F this extends to opting out of a specific medium, so a STOP reply to a text is binding for texts. Ignoring one of these is the single easiest way to convert a debt into a lawsuit.
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Charge-off
The accounting write-off
- The point at which you move a receivable off the books as uncollectible, typically at 120 or 180 days depending on your policy. It does not mean the debt is forgiven and it does not mean you cannot still collect it. It does mean you have publicly given up, which is usually the moment somebody suggests placing it with an agency at a contingency rate that reflects how bad the paper now looks.
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Contingency rate
What an agency keeps
- The percentage of recovered funds a collection agency retains as its fee, typically 15% to 30%, rising with account age and falling with volume and balance size. It is a genuinely fair model for hard paper: no recovery, no fee, and the agency carries the risk and the licensing. It is a terrible model for a 40-day invoice from a customer who simply had not been asked properly.
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Promise to pay
The PTP
- A debtor's commitment to pay a specific amount on a specific date. Tracking these is most of what collections operations software does, because a broken promise is a much stronger signal than silence, and a kept promise means every scheduled message must stop immediately. In DebtAgent, an accepted plan creates a promise record and suspends the cadence until the promise is kept or broken.
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Dunning
The reminder sequence
- The polite old word for chasing money, still used in subscription billing to mean the automated retry-and-email sequence that runs after a card fails. Dunning software is where most companies start and where most companies stop, because a dunning sequence has no escalation ladder, no channel switching, no compliance layer, and no ability to negotiate a plan.
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Aging report
The AR aging bucket list
- Your receivables sorted into buckets: current, 1 to 30, 31 to 60, 61 to 90, and 90 plus. It is the single most useful document in collections and most finance teams look at it once a month, which is roughly eleven times a month less often than they should. DebtAgent reads it every morning and starts a cadence on anything that crosses your threshold.
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Skip tracing
Finding the debtor
- The process of locating a debtor who has moved, changed number or gone dark. It is a core agency service, it is regulated, and we do not do it. If your debtor has genuinely vanished, an agency with skip-tracing capability is the right call, and we will say so rather than sell you a cadence that lands in a dead inbox nine times.
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Third-party disclosure
Section 805(b)
- Telling anyone other than the consumer, their spouse, or their attorney that the consumer owes a debt. It is prohibited, and it includes leaving a voicemail that a coworker might hear and mentioning it to a receptionist. This is a rule people break constantly and casually, usually while trying to be helpful, and it is one of the reasons an agent that only ever writes to the designated contact is safer than a well-meaning human.
None of this is legal advice, and the summaries above are deliberately simplified. State law can be stricter
than federal law and regulated categories carry their own rules. We write about the practical side of this in
more depth on the
blog,
including a full walkthrough of what you can and cannot put in a collection letter.